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EXHIBIT 47

Lambeosaurus

Lambeosaurus

A hatchet-shaped crest with hollow nasal passages.

Evidence profile
PERIODLate Cretaceous[1]
DIETHerbivoreInferred from related anatomy [1]
TOTAL LENGTHNot established hereComparable estimate unavailable
FOSSILS FOUNDCanada[1]
CompareRead the dossierView the sources

MEET THE ANIMAL

Meet Lambeosaurus

Lambeosaurus was a duck-billed plant eater from Late Cretaceous Alberta. Its flat teeth were suited to processing vegetation, while a conspicuous hollow crest rose above its head. The Pacific Museum of Earth presents a reconstruction using the hind legs for movement and all four limbs for feeding on low plants. Those poses interpret anatomy rather than recording the proportions of time spent in each stance. [S1]

The crest has been linked with recognition and noisemaking, giving this dinosaur more than an unusual silhouette. Such proposed functions do not identify its calls or prove how it selected mates. The museum’s specimen, George, was found in Alberta and prepared before being mounted at the university. A display is a reconstruction of fossils, not a frozen instant of a dinosaur’s everyday behavior. [S1]

CT research on an adult Lambeosaurus lambei skull revealed especially elaborate loops in the nasal passages. These were more complex than older reconstructions suggested. Longer passageways may have helped produce lower-frequency sounds than in Corythosaurus, but this remains a functional interpretation of skull anatomy. Evidence from growing animals also needs to be distinguished from the mature crest. [S2]

Overview sources
  1. Walking LambeosaurusPacific Museum of Earth, University of British Columbia · Accessed 2026-10-04Inspected: excerpt
  2. The internal crest anatomy of Lambeosaurini (Dudgeon, Brown and Evans, 2026)The Anatomical Record · Accessed 2026-10-04Inspected: page

PREHISTORIC ANIMAL DOSSIER

A life in profile.

The animal, the evidence, and the questions still open.

Lambeosaurus combined a hatchet-shaped hollow crest with a toothless front beak and replaceable cheek teeth. Crest display and sound resonance are functional hypotheses, not a recovered record of its behavior.

Profile scope: Genus: Lambeosaurus; anatomical description covers L. lambei. Older broad geographic and giant-size claims are not adopted.

Time
Late Cretaceous
Fossil locations in this exhibit
Canada
How to read the evidence

Source supported identifies a description documented by the cited source. Inferred marks a reconstruction or functional estimate. Debated marks competing interpretations. Not established means the sources reviewed for this dossier do not support a firm conclusion; it does not mean a behavior never occurred.

A size reference is an estimate, not a population range. Nesting evidence does not by itself establish courtship, mate choice, or lifelong pairing.

Length

Inferred

About 9 m (museum reference)

NHM's rounded genus estimate lacks specimen and maturity details. Larger numbers on the older San Diego page are not used as a verified Lambeosaurus size range. [D1]

Mass

Not established

Not established here

The reviewed sources do not establish a verified body-mass estimate for Lambeosaurus. The older museum page's giant-size scope is insufficiently resolved for this dossier.

Diet and feeding

Inferred

Plant eater with replaceable cheek teeth

The feeding apparatus supports herbivory. Replacement teeth maintained the closely packed chewing surfaces; a precise menu is not established here. [D2] [D1]

Habitat and setting

Source supported

Late Cretaceous Canadian fossil localities

The reviewed NHM directory records Canadian remains. This does not establish a preferred habitat or support the older page's much broader geographic list. [D1]

Movement

Inferred

Two- and four-legged movement reconstructed

The museum reconstructs hind-leg running and possible four-legged feeding. Its tail is interpreted as a counterbalance; speed is not established here. [D2]

Distinctive anatomy

Source supported

Hatchet-shaped hollow crest and duck-like beak

The crest contains extended nasal passages. A front beak precedes dense batteries of replaceable teeth. [D2]

Reproduction & life together

Reproduction and care

Not established

Not established here

The reviewed sources do not establish nest structure, incubation or parental care for Lambeosaurus. General hadrosaur nesting descriptions are not treated as Lambeosaurus-specific evidence.

Courtship and mating

Inferred

Crest display proposed

The museum lists mate display among several possible crest functions, alongside recognition and sound resonance. This does not establish mate choice, pair bonds or a courtship sequence. [D2]

Social behavior

Not established

Not established here

The reviewed sources do not establish usual group size or lasting social organization for Lambeosaurus. General hadrosaur grouping evidence is not automatically assigned to this genus.

Dossier research & sources

Sources and inspection notes for the claims in this profile.

  1. Lambeosaurus — Dino DirectoryNatural History Museum, London · Accessed 2026-10-02Genus profile; rounded educational estimates, usually without specimen, method or maturity. · Inspected: page
  2. LambeosaurusSan Diego Natural History Museum · Accessed 2026-10-02L. lambei heading and genus anatomy; older broad geographic, size and general-hadrosaur nesting claims excluded. · Inspected: page

THE STORY IN THE FOSSILS

Meet Lambeosaurus.

Lambeosaurus had a flattened duck-like snout without front teeth and a prominent hatchet-shaped bony crest. Hollow nasal passages ran through that crest. Behind the beak, numerous small teeth were packed together for processing plants, with replacement teeth renewing the chewing surfaces as others wore out. [2]

Its crest was more than a solid ornament: the internal passages connect it to the breathing apparatus. Proposed functions include visual recognition and display, and resonance of calls. Those possibilities are inferred from anatomy; a fossil crest does not preserve a recording of the animal’s voice. [2]

A note on scale and time

We have not established a comparable adult total-length estimate for this taxon in this draft. Specimen measurements in the text describe those individuals. The cited dates are approximately 76–74 million years ago. Unknown does not mean zero.

Sources & editorial notes

Sources and evidence notes for this exhibit.

  1. LambeosaurusNatural History Museum, London · Accessed 2026-10-02Dino Directory fact panel and Taxonomic details. Genus profile: Late Cretaceous 76–74 Ma, Canada, herbivorous, Lambeosaurinae; unscoped 9 m estimate not adopted.
  2. LambeosaurusSan Diego Natural History Museum · Accessed 2026-10-02Description and Ecology passages on flattened toothless snout, hatchet-shaped hollow crest, teeth and hypothesized crest functions. Page mixes genus, species and broader hadrosaur claims; its broad Place list, Baja California referral, giant size estimates, nesting and herd claims are not adopted as current Lambeosaurus evidence.

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